Serpanos D., Wolf M. Internet-of-Things (IoT) Systems: Architectures, Algorithms, Methodologies

Springer, 2017. — 95 p. — ISBN: 978-3-319-69714-7 ISBN: 978-3-319-69715-4.The Internet of Things is the evolutionary step of the Internet that creates a worldwide infrastructure interconnecting machines and humans. As the Internet became public in the early 1990s, the first wave of its exploitation and deployment was mainly focused on the impact to everyday services and applications that changed the known models for financial transactions, shopping, news feeding and information sharing. It was a revolution that digitized a wide range of services as we knew them, from banking and retail shopping to face-to-face communication and government services. The first two decades of the Internet revolution focused strongly on consumer services and businesses, but human-centric. New business models appeared for banking, for online shopping, video communication, etc. for consumers. Business to business models and the cloud have impacted businesses significantly, wiping out large sectors of industry that did not adjust to the fast pace of the revolution. The impact on the economies has been tremendous. Now, more than two decades later, we witness and experience a new way of life because of the Internet’s reach to our homes and work environments. The advances of communication technology that enables the deployment and success of the Internet at home and work had an additional effect: the development of sophisticated interconnections among machines in the operational environment; we contrast the operational technology (OT) environment, which controls physical machines, to the information technology (IT) environment where humans are using computers for work. The already automated industrial environment received well the emerging technologies, adopted the suitable ones and created a, private mostly, network infrastructure that enables highly productive industrial processes. It has only been a natural step to evolve the Internet itself to include these processes. Additionally, the control models of the industrial environment, taking advantage of the smart devices –i.e. devices that include processing, memory and networking resources- that are deployed in various environments, have been extended and used in a wide variety of application domains. Conventional application domains like transportation, aeronautics, energy production and distribution, manufacturing and health adopt similar control models, exploiting smart sensors, actuators and devices that enable control automation for sophisticated applications. Critical infrastructureof countries is run using these technologies today. This emerging Internet-of-Things (IoT) is the natural evolutionary step of the Internet revolution that started about three decades ago. Importantly, IoT is building a worldwide infrastructure that will influence all facets of our life, from agriculture to mining, from health services to manufacturing and transportation. Clearly, it will provide the infrastructure over which the new emerging AI revolution will be based. This book addresses the fundamental IoT technologies, architectures, application domains and directions. Development of a complete IoT system and service includes several components. The hardware base includes embedded processors, memories of different types, sensors, actuators, cloud servers, intermediate processing systems, network systems and gateways. The software base includes operating systems, data bases and control applications for several application domains, to the very least. The combination of hardware and software components for control applications constitutes the base for the evolution of cyber-physical systems. VLSI capabilities play a huge role in the design of IoT systems. Event-driven, distributed operation shapes the design of architectures and applications. Specialized network protocols enable efficient communication in this environment, including appropriate machine-to-machine (M2M) communication models. These technologies are emerging with constraints and restrictions for the IoT environment that are different from the typical IT environment, because of the requirements for safety, real-time responses, low power operation, etc. Security, privacy, and safety require particular attention and special techniques. IoT is a fast-changing field. This book provides a snapshot of its current state. We continue to work in this area and hope to create updates to this book as the field progresses.